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//usr/share/doc/git224-2.24.2/git-rev-parse.html

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<body class="manpage">
<div id="header">
<h1>
git-rev-parse(1) Manual Page
</h1>
<h2>NAME</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<p>git-rev-parse -
   Pick out and massage parameters
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="verseblock">
<pre class="content"><em>git rev-parse</em> [&lt;options&gt;] &lt;args&gt;&#8230;</pre>
<div class="attribution">
</div></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Many Git porcelainish commands take mixture of flags
(i.e. parameters that begin with a dash <em>-</em>) and parameters
meant for the underlying <em>git rev-list</em> command they use internally
and flags and parameters for the other commands they use
downstream of <em>git rev-list</em>.  This command is used to
distinguish between them.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_operation_modes">Operation Modes</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Each of these options must appear first on the command line.</p></div>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--parseopt
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Use <em>git rev-parse</em> in option parsing mode (see PARSEOPT section below).
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--sq-quote
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Use <em>git rev-parse</em> in shell quoting mode (see SQ-QUOTE
        section below). In contrast to the <code>--sq</code> option below, this
        mode does only quoting. Nothing else is done to command input.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_options_for_parseopt">Options for --parseopt</h3>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--keep-dashdash
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Only meaningful in <code>--parseopt</code> mode. Tells the option parser to echo
        out the first <code>--</code> met instead of skipping it.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--stop-at-non-option
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Only meaningful in <code>--parseopt</code> mode.  Lets the option parser stop at
        the first non-option argument.  This can be used to parse sub-commands
        that take options themselves.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--stuck-long
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Only meaningful in <code>--parseopt</code> mode. Output the options in their
        long form if available, and with their arguments stuck.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_options_for_filtering">Options for Filtering</h3>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--revs-only
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Do not output flags and parameters not meant for
        <em>git rev-list</em> command.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--no-revs
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Do not output flags and parameters meant for
        <em>git rev-list</em> command.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--flags
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Do not output non-flag parameters.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--no-flags
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Do not output flag parameters.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_options_for_output">Options for Output</h3>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--default &lt;arg&gt;
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        If there is no parameter given by the user, use <code>&lt;arg&gt;</code>
        instead.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--prefix &lt;arg&gt;
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Behave as if <em>git rev-parse</em> was invoked from the <code>&lt;arg&gt;</code>
        subdirectory of the working tree.  Any relative filenames are
        resolved as if they are prefixed by <code>&lt;arg&gt;</code> and will be printed
        in that form.
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This can be used to convert arguments to a command run in a subdirectory
so that they can still be used after moving to the top-level of the
repository.  For example:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>prefix=$(git rev-parse --show-prefix)
cd "$(git rev-parse --show-toplevel)"
# rev-parse provides the -- needed for 'set'
eval "set $(git rev-parse --sq --prefix "$prefix" -- "$@")"</code></pre>
</div></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--verify
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Verify that exactly one parameter is provided, and that it
        can be turned into a raw 20-byte SHA-1 that can be used to
        access the object database. If so, emit it to the standard
        output; otherwise, error out.
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you want to make sure that the output actually names an object in
your object database and/or can be used as a specific type of object
you require, you can add the <code>^{type}</code> peeling operator to the parameter.
For example, <code>git rev-parse "$VAR^{commit}"</code> will make sure <code>$VAR</code>
names an existing object that is a commit-ish (i.e. a commit, or an
annotated tag that points at a commit).  To make sure that <code>$VAR</code>
names an existing object of any type, <code>git rev-parse "$VAR^{object}"</code>
can be used.</p></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
-q
</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--quiet
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Only meaningful in <code>--verify</code> mode. Do not output an error
        message if the first argument is not a valid object name;
        instead exit with non-zero status silently.
        SHA-1s for valid object names are printed to stdout on success.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--sq
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Usually the output is made one line per flag and
        parameter.  This option makes output a single line,
        properly quoted for consumption by shell.  Useful when
        you expect your parameter to contain whitespaces and
        newlines (e.g. when using pickaxe <code>-S</code> with
        <em>git diff-&#42;</em>). In contrast to the <code>--sq-quote</code> option,
        the command input is still interpreted as usual.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--short[=length]
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Same as <code>--verify</code> but shortens the object name to a unique
        prefix with at least <code>length</code> characters. The minimum length
        is 4, the default is the effective value of the <code>core.abbrev</code>
        configuration variable (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--not
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        When showing object names, prefix them with <em>&#94;</em> and
        strip <em>&#94;</em> prefix from the object names that already have
        one.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--abbrev-ref[=(strict|loose)]
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        A non-ambiguous short name of the objects name.
        The option core.warnAmbiguousRefs is used to select the strict
        abbreviation mode.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--symbolic
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Usually the object names are output in SHA-1 form (with
        possible <em>&#94;</em> prefix); this option makes them output in a
        form as close to the original input as possible.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--symbolic-full-name
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        This is similar to --symbolic, but it omits input that
        are not refs (i.e. branch or tag names; or more
        explicitly disambiguating "heads/master" form, when you
        want to name the "master" branch when there is an
        unfortunately named tag "master"), and show them as full
        refnames (e.g. "refs/heads/master").
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_options_for_objects">Options for Objects</h3>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--all
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Show all refs found in <code>refs/</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--branches[=pattern]
</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--tags[=pattern]
</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--remotes[=pattern]
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Show all branches, tags, or remote-tracking branches,
        respectively (i.e., refs found in <code>refs/heads</code>,
        <code>refs/tags</code>, or <code>refs/remotes</code>, respectively).
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If a <code>pattern</code> is given, only refs matching the given shell glob are
shown.  If the pattern does not contain a globbing character (<code>?</code>,
<code>*</code>, or <code>[</code>), it is turned into a prefix match by appending <code>/*</code>.</p></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--glob=pattern
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Show all refs matching the shell glob pattern <code>pattern</code>. If
        the pattern does not start with <code>refs/</code>, this is automatically
        prepended.  If the pattern does not contain a globbing
        character (<code>?</code>, <code>*</code>, or <code>[</code>), it is turned into a prefix
        match by appending <code>/*</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--exclude=&lt;glob-pattern&gt;
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Do not include refs matching <em>&lt;glob-pattern&gt;</em> that the next <code>--all</code>,
        <code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, <code>--remotes</code>, or <code>--glob</code> would otherwise
        consider. Repetitions of this option accumulate exclusion patterns
        up to the next <code>--all</code>, <code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, <code>--remotes</code>, or
        <code>--glob</code> option (other options or arguments do not clear
        accumulated patterns).
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The patterns given should not begin with <code>refs/heads</code>, <code>refs/tags</code>, or
<code>refs/remotes</code> when applied to <code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, or <code>--remotes</code>,
respectively, and they must begin with <code>refs/</code> when applied to <code>--glob</code>
or <code>--all</code>. If a trailing <em>/&#42;</em> is intended, it must be given
explicitly.</p></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--disambiguate=&lt;prefix&gt;
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Show every object whose name begins with the given prefix.
        The &lt;prefix&gt; must be at least 4 hexadecimal digits long to
        avoid listing each and every object in the repository by
        mistake.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_options_for_files">Options for Files</h3>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--local-env-vars
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        List the GIT_* environment variables that are local to the
        repository (e.g. GIT_DIR or GIT_WORK_TREE, but not GIT_EDITOR).
        Only the names of the variables are listed, not their value,
        even if they are set.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--git-dir
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Show <code>$GIT_DIR</code> if defined. Otherwise show the path to
        the .git directory. The path shown, when relative, is
        relative to the current working directory.
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If <code>$GIT_DIR</code> is not defined and the current directory
is not detected to lie in a Git repository or work tree
print a message to stderr and exit with nonzero status.</p></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--absolute-git-dir
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Like <code>--git-dir</code>, but its output is always the canonicalized
        absolute path.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--git-common-dir
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Show <code>$GIT_COMMON_DIR</code> if defined, else <code>$GIT_DIR</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--is-inside-git-dir
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        When the current working directory is below the repository
        directory print "true", otherwise "false".
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--is-inside-work-tree
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        When the current working directory is inside the work tree of the
        repository print "true", otherwise "false".
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--is-bare-repository
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        When the repository is bare print "true", otherwise "false".
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--is-shallow-repository
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        When the repository is shallow print "true", otherwise "false".
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--resolve-git-dir &lt;path&gt;
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Check if &lt;path&gt; is a valid repository or a gitfile that
        points at a valid repository, and print the location of the
        repository.  If &lt;path&gt; is a gitfile then the resolved path
        to the real repository is printed.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--git-path &lt;path&gt;
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Resolve "$GIT_DIR/&lt;path&gt;" and takes other path relocation
        variables such as $GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY,
        $GIT_INDEX_FILE&#8230; into account. For example, if
        $GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY is set to /foo/bar then "git rev-parse
        --git-path objects/abc" returns /foo/bar/abc.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--show-cdup
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        When the command is invoked from a subdirectory, show the
        path of the top-level directory relative to the current
        directory (typically a sequence of "../", or an empty string).
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--show-prefix
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        When the command is invoked from a subdirectory, show the
        path of the current directory relative to the top-level
        directory.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--show-toplevel
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Show the absolute path of the top-level directory.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--show-superproject-working-tree
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Show the absolute path of the root of the superproject&#8217;s
        working tree (if exists) that uses the current repository as
        its submodule.  Outputs nothing if the current repository is
        not used as a submodule by any project.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--shared-index-path
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Show the path to the shared index file in split index mode, or
        empty if not in split-index mode.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_other_options">Other Options</h3>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--since=datestring
</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--after=datestring
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Parse the date string, and output the corresponding
        --max-age= parameter for <em>git rev-list</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--until=datestring
</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">
--before=datestring
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Parse the date string, and output the corresponding
        --min-age= parameter for <em>git rev-list</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
&lt;args&gt;&#8230;
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Flags and parameters to be parsed.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_specifying_revisions">SPECIFYING REVISIONS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>A revision parameter <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> typically, but not necessarily, names a
commit object.  It uses what is called an <em>extended SHA-1</em>
syntax.  Here are various ways to spell object names.  The
ones listed near the end of this list name trees and
blobs contained in a commit.</p></div>
<div class="admonitionblock">
<table><tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">This document shows the "raw" syntax as seen by git. The shell
and other UIs might require additional quoting to protect special
characters and to avoid word splitting.</td>
</tr></table>
</div>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<em>&lt;sha1&gt;</em>, e.g. <em>dae86e1950b1277e545cee180551750029cfe735</em>, <em>dae86e</em>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
  The full SHA-1 object name (40-byte hexadecimal string), or
  a leading substring that is unique within the repository.
  E.g. dae86e1950b1277e545cee180551750029cfe735 and dae86e both
  name the same commit object if there is no other object in
  your repository whose object name starts with dae86e.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<em>&lt;describeOutput&gt;</em>, e.g. <em>v1.7.4.2-679-g3bee7fb</em>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
  Output from <code>git describe</code>; i.e. a closest tag, optionally
  followed by a dash and a number of commits, followed by a dash, a
  <em>g</em>, and an abbreviated object name.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<em>&lt;refname&gt;</em>, e.g. <em>master</em>, <em>heads/master</em>, <em>refs/heads/master</em>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
  A symbolic ref name.  E.g. <em>master</em> typically means the commit
  object referenced by <em>refs/heads/master</em>.  If you
  happen to have both <em>heads/master</em> and <em>tags/master</em>, you can
  explicitly say <em>heads/master</em> to tell Git which one you mean.
  When ambiguous, a <em>&lt;refname&gt;</em> is disambiguated by taking the
  first match in the following rules:
</p>
<div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>
If <em>$GIT_DIR/&lt;refname&gt;</em> exists, that is what you mean (this is usually
    useful only for <code>HEAD</code>, <code>FETCH_HEAD</code>, <code>ORIG_HEAD</code>, <code>MERGE_HEAD</code>
    and <code>CHERRY_PICK_HEAD</code>);
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
otherwise, <em>refs/&lt;refname&gt;</em> if it exists;
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
otherwise, <em>refs/tags/&lt;refname&gt;</em> if it exists;
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
otherwise, <em>refs/heads/&lt;refname&gt;</em> if it exists;
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
otherwise, <em>refs/remotes/&lt;refname&gt;</em> if it exists;
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
otherwise, <em>refs/remotes/&lt;refname&gt;/HEAD</em> if it exists.
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p><code>HEAD</code> names the commit on which you based the changes in the working tree.
<code>FETCH_HEAD</code> records the branch which you fetched from a remote repository
with your last <code>git fetch</code> invocation.
<code>ORIG_HEAD</code> is created by commands that move your <code>HEAD</code> in a drastic
way, to record the position of the <code>HEAD</code> before their operation, so that
you can easily change the tip of the branch back to the state before you ran
them.
<code>MERGE_HEAD</code> records the commit(s) which you are merging into your branch
when you run <code>git merge</code>.
<code>CHERRY_PICK_HEAD</code> records the commit which you are cherry-picking
when you run <code>git cherry-pick</code>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note that any of the <em>refs/*</em> cases above may come either from
the <code>$GIT_DIR/refs</code> directory or from the <code>$GIT_DIR/packed-refs</code> file.
While the ref name encoding is unspecified, UTF-8 is preferred as
some output processing may assume ref names in UTF-8.</p></div>
</li>
</ol></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<em>@</em>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
  <em>@</em> alone is a shortcut for <code>HEAD</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<em>[&lt;refname&gt;]@{&lt;date&gt;}</em>, e.g. <em>master@{yesterday}</em>, <em>HEAD@{5 minutes ago}</em>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
  A ref followed by the suffix <em>@</em> with a date specification
  enclosed in a brace
  pair (e.g. <em>{yesterday}</em>, <em>{1 month 2 weeks 3 days 1 hour 1
  second ago}</em> or <em>{1979-02-26 18:30:00}</em>) specifies the value
  of the ref at a prior point in time.  This suffix may only be
  used immediately following a ref name and the ref must have an
  existing log (<em>$GIT_DIR/logs/&lt;ref&gt;</em>). Note that this looks up the state
  of your <strong>local</strong> ref at a given time; e.g., what was in your local
  <em>master</em> branch last week. If you want to look at commits made during
  certain times, see <code>--since</code> and <code>--until</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<em>&lt;refname&gt;@{&lt;n&gt;}</em>, e.g. <em>master@{1}</em>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
  A ref followed by the suffix <em>@</em> with an ordinal specification
  enclosed in a brace pair (e.g. <em>{1}</em>, <em>{15}</em>) specifies
  the n-th prior value of that ref.  For example <em>master@{1}</em>
  is the immediate prior value of <em>master</em> while <em>master@{5}</em>
  is the 5th prior value of <em>master</em>. This suffix may only be used
  immediately following a ref name and the ref must have an existing
  log (<em>$GIT_DIR/logs/&lt;refname&gt;</em>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<em>@{&lt;n&gt;}</em>, e.g. <em>@{1}</em>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
  You can use the <em>@</em> construct with an empty ref part to get at a
  reflog entry of the current branch. For example, if you are on
  branch <em>blabla</em> then <em>@{1}</em> means the same as <em>blabla@{1}</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<em>@{-&lt;n&gt;}</em>, e.g. <em>@{-1}</em>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
  The construct <em>@{-&lt;n&gt;}</em> means the &lt;n&gt;th branch/commit checked out
  before the current one.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<em>[&lt;branchname&gt;]@{upstream}</em>, e.g. <em>master@{upstream}</em>, <em>@{u}</em>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
  The suffix <em>@{upstream}</em> to a branchname (short form <em>&lt;branchname&gt;@{u}</em>)
  refers to the branch that the branch specified by branchname is set to build on
  top of (configured with <code>branch.&lt;name&gt;.remote</code> and
  <code>branch.&lt;name&gt;.merge</code>).  A missing branchname defaults to the
  current one. These suffixes are also accepted when spelled in uppercase, and
  they mean the same thing no matter the case.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<em>[&lt;branchname&gt;]@{push}</em>, e.g. <em>master@{push}</em>, <em>@{push}</em>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
  The suffix <em>@{push}</em> reports the branch "where we would push to" if
  <code>git push</code> were run while <code>branchname</code> was checked out (or the current
  <code>HEAD</code> if no branchname is specified). Since our push destination is
  in a remote repository, of course, we report the local tracking branch
  that corresponds to that branch (i.e., something in <code>refs/remotes/</code>).
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Here&#8217;s an example to make it more clear:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ git config push.default current
$ git config remote.pushdefault myfork
$ git switch -c mybranch origin/master

$ git rev-parse --symbolic-full-name @{upstream}
refs/remotes/origin/master

$ git rev-parse --symbolic-full-name @{push}
refs/remotes/myfork/mybranch</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note in the example that we set up a triangular workflow, where we pull
from one location and push to another. In a non-triangular workflow,
<em>@{push}</em> is the same as <em>@{upstream}</em>, and there is no need for it.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This suffix is also accepted when spelled in uppercase, and means the same
thing no matter the case.</p></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;[&lt;n&gt;]</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD&#94;, v1.5.1&#94;0</em>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
  A suffix <em>&#94;</em> to a revision parameter means the first parent of
  that commit object.  <em>&#94;&lt;n&gt;</em> means the &lt;n&gt;th parent (i.e.
  <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;</em>
  is equivalent to <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;1</em>).  As a special rule,
  <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;0</em> means the commit itself and is used when <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> is the
  object name of a tag object that refers to a commit object.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<em>&lt;rev&gt;&#126;[&lt;n&gt;]</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD&#126;, master&#126;3</em>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
  A suffix <em>&#126;</em> to a revision parameter means the first parent of
  that commit object.
  A suffix <em>&#126;&lt;n&gt;</em> to a revision parameter means the commit
  object that is the &lt;n&gt;th generation ancestor of the named
  commit object, following only the first parents.  I.e. <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#126;3</em> is
  equivalent to <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;&#94;&#94;</em> which is equivalent to
  <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;1&#94;1&#94;1</em>.  See below for an illustration of
  the usage of this form.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;{&lt;type&gt;}</em>, e.g. <em>v0.99.8&#94;{commit}</em>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
  A suffix <em>&#94;</em> followed by an object type name enclosed in
  brace pair means dereference the object at <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> recursively until
  an object of type <em>&lt;type&gt;</em> is found or the object cannot be
  dereferenced anymore (in which case, barf).
  For example, if <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> is a commit-ish, <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;{commit}</em>
  describes the corresponding commit object.
  Similarly, if <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> is a tree-ish, <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;{tree}</em>
  describes the corresponding tree object.
  <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;0</em>
  is a short-hand for <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;{commit}</em>.
</p>
<div class="paragraph"><p><em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;{object}</em> can be used to make sure <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> names an
object that exists, without requiring <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> to be a tag, and
without dereferencing <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em>; because a tag is already an object,
it does not have to be dereferenced even once to get to an object.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p><em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;{tag}</em> can be used to ensure that <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> identifies an
existing tag object.</p></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;{}</em>, e.g. <em>v0.99.8&#94;{}</em>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
  A suffix <em>&#94;</em> followed by an empty brace pair
  means the object could be a tag,
  and dereference the tag recursively until a non-tag object is
  found.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;{/&lt;text&gt;}</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD^{/fix nasty bug}</em>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
  A suffix <em>&#94;</em> to a revision parameter, followed by a brace
  pair that contains a text led by a slash,
  is the same as the <em>:/fix nasty bug</em> syntax below except that
  it returns the youngest matching commit which is reachable from
  the <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> before <em>&#94;</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<em>:/&lt;text&gt;</em>, e.g. <em>:/fix nasty bug</em>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
  A colon, followed by a slash, followed by a text, names
  a commit whose commit message matches the specified regular expression.
  This name returns the youngest matching commit which is
  reachable from any ref, including HEAD.
  The regular expression can match any part of the
  commit message. To match messages starting with a string, one can use
  e.g. <em>:/^foo</em>. The special sequence <em>:/!</em> is reserved for modifiers to what
  is matched. <em>:/!-foo</em> performs a negative match, while <em>:/!!foo</em> matches a
  literal <em>!</em> character, followed by <em>foo</em>. Any other sequence beginning with
  <em>:/!</em> is reserved for now.
  Depending on the given text, the shell&#8217;s word splitting rules might
  require additional quoting.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<em>&lt;rev&gt;:&lt;path&gt;</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD:README</em>, <em>master:./README</em>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
  A suffix <em>:</em> followed by a path names the blob or tree
  at the given path in the tree-ish object named by the part
  before the colon.
  A path starting with <em>./</em> or <em>../</em> is relative to the current working directory.
  The given path will be converted to be relative to the working tree&#8217;s root directory.
  This is most useful to address a blob or tree from a commit or tree that has
  the same tree structure as the working tree.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<em>:[&lt;n&gt;:]&lt;path&gt;</em>, e.g. <em>:0:README</em>, <em>:README</em>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
  A colon, optionally followed by a stage number (0 to 3) and a
  colon, followed by a path, names a blob object in the
  index at the given path. A missing stage number (and the colon
  that follows it) names a stage 0 entry. During a merge, stage
  1 is the common ancestor, stage 2 is the target branch&#8217;s version
  (typically the current branch), and stage 3 is the version from
  the branch which is being merged.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Here is an illustration, by Jon Loeliger.  Both commit nodes B
and C are parents of commit node A.  Parent commits are ordered
left-to-right.</p></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>G   H   I   J
 \ /     \ /
  D   E   F
   \  |  / \
    \ | /   |
     \|/    |
      B     C
       \   /
        \ /
         A</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>A =      = A^0
B = A^   = A^1     = A~1
C = A^2  = A^2
D = A^^  = A^1^1   = A~2
E = B^2  = A^^2
F = B^3  = A^^3
G = A^^^ = A^1^1^1 = A~3
H = D^2  = B^^2    = A^^^2  = A~2^2
I = F^   = B^3^    = A^^3^
J = F^2  = B^3^2   = A^^3^2</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_specifying_ranges">SPECIFYING RANGES</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>History traversing commands such as <code>git log</code> operate on a set
of commits, not just a single commit.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>For these commands,
specifying a single revision, using the notation described in the
previous section, means the set of commits <code>reachable</code> from the given
commit.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>A commit&#8217;s reachable set is the commit itself and the commits in
its ancestry chain.</p></div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_commit_exclusions">Commit Exclusions</h3>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<em>&#94;&lt;rev&gt;</em> (caret) Notation
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
 To exclude commits reachable from a commit, a prefix <em>&#94;</em>
 notation is used.  E.g. <em>&#94;r1 r2</em> means commits reachable
 from <em>r2</em> but exclude the ones reachable from <em>r1</em> (i.e. <em>r1</em> and
 its ancestors).
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_dotted_range_notations">Dotted Range Notations</h3>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
The <em>..</em> (two-dot) Range Notation
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
 The <em>&#94;r1 r2</em> set operation appears so often that there is a shorthand
 for it.  When you have two commits <em>r1</em> and <em>r2</em> (named according
 to the syntax explained in SPECIFYING REVISIONS above), you can ask
 for commits that are reachable from r2 excluding those that are reachable
 from r1 by <em>&#94;r1 r2</em> and it can be written as <em>r1..r2</em>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
The <em>&#8230;</em> (three-dot) Symmetric Difference Notation
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
 A similar notation <em>r1...r2</em> is called symmetric difference
 of <em>r1</em> and <em>r2</em> and is defined as
 <em>r1 r2 --not $(git merge-base --all r1 r2)</em>.
 It is the set of commits that are reachable from either one of
 <em>r1</em> (left side) or <em>r2</em> (right side) but not from both.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>In these two shorthand notations, you can omit one end and let it default to HEAD.
For example, <em>origin..</em> is a shorthand for <em>origin..HEAD</em> and asks "What
did I do since I forked from the origin branch?"  Similarly, <em>..origin</em>
is a shorthand for <em>HEAD..origin</em> and asks "What did the origin do since
I forked from them?"  Note that <em>..</em> would mean <em>HEAD..HEAD</em> which is an
empty range that is both reachable and unreachable from HEAD.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_other_lt_rev_gt_94_parent_shorthand_notations">Other &lt;rev&gt;&#94; Parent Shorthand Notations</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Three other shorthands exist, particularly useful for merge commits,
for naming a set that is formed by a commit and its parent commits.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>r1&#94;@</em> notation means all parents of <em>r1</em>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>r1&#94;!</em> notation includes commit <em>r1</em> but excludes all of its parents.
By itself, this notation denotes the single commit <em>r1</em>.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;-[&lt;n&gt;]</em> notation includes <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> but excludes the &lt;n&gt;th
parent (i.e. a shorthand for <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;&lt;n&gt;..&lt;rev&gt;</em>), with <em>&lt;n&gt;</em> = 1 if
not given. This is typically useful for merge commits where you
can just pass <em>&lt;commit&gt;&#94;-</em> to get all the commits in the branch
that was merged in merge commit <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em> (including <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>
itself).</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>While <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;&lt;n&gt;</em> was about specifying a single commit parent, these
three notations also consider its parents. For example you can say
<em>HEAD&#94;2&#94;@</em>, however you cannot say <em>HEAD&#94;@&#94;2</em>.</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_revision_range_summary">Revision Range Summary</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<em>&lt;rev&gt;</em>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Include commits that are reachable from &lt;rev&gt; (i.e. &lt;rev&gt; and its
        ancestors).
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<em>&#94;&lt;rev&gt;</em>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Exclude commits that are reachable from &lt;rev&gt; (i.e. &lt;rev&gt; and its
        ancestors).
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<em>&lt;rev1&gt;..&lt;rev2&gt;</em>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Include commits that are reachable from &lt;rev2&gt; but exclude
        those that are reachable from &lt;rev1&gt;.  When either &lt;rev1&gt; or
        &lt;rev2&gt; is omitted, it defaults to <code>HEAD</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<em>&lt;rev1&gt;...&lt;rev2&gt;</em>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Include commits that are reachable from either &lt;rev1&gt; or
        &lt;rev2&gt; but exclude those that are reachable from both.  When
        either &lt;rev1&gt; or &lt;rev2&gt; is omitted, it defaults to <code>HEAD</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;@</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD&#94;@</em>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
  A suffix <em>&#94;</em> followed by an at sign is the same as listing
  all parents of <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> (meaning, include anything reachable from
  its parents, but not the commit itself).
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;!</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD&#94;!</em>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
  A suffix <em>&#94;</em> followed by an exclamation mark is the same
  as giving commit <em>&lt;rev&gt;</em> and then all its parents prefixed with
  <em>&#94;</em> to exclude them (and their ancestors).
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;-&lt;n&gt;</em>, e.g. <em>HEAD&#94;-, HEAD&#94;-2</em>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        Equivalent to <em>&lt;rev&gt;&#94;&lt;n&gt;..&lt;rev&gt;</em>, with <em>&lt;n&gt;</em> = 1 if not
        given.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Here are a handful of examples using the Loeliger illustration above,
with each step in the notation&#8217;s expansion and selection carefully
spelt out:</p></div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>   Args   Expanded arguments    Selected commits
   D                            G H D
   D F                          G H I J D F
   ^G D                         H D
   ^D B                         E I J F B
   ^D B C                       E I J F B C
   C                            I J F C
   B..C   = ^B C                C
   B...C  = B ^F C              G H D E B C
   B^-    = B^..B
          = ^B^1 B              E I J F B
   C^@    = C^1
          = F                   I J F
   B^@    = B^1 B^2 B^3
          = D E F               D G H E F I J
   C^!    = C ^C^@
          = C ^C^1
          = C ^F                C
   B^!    = B ^B^@
          = B ^B^1 ^B^2 ^B^3
          = B ^D ^E ^F          B
   F^! D  = F ^I ^J D           G H D F</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_parseopt">PARSEOPT</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>In <code>--parseopt</code> mode, <em>git rev-parse</em> helps massaging options to bring to shell
scripts the same facilities C builtins have. It works as an option normalizer
(e.g. splits single switches aggregate values), a bit like <code>getopt(1)</code> does.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>It takes on the standard input the specification of the options to parse and
understand, and echoes on the standard output a string suitable for <code>sh(1)</code> <code>eval</code>
to replace the arguments with normalized ones.  In case of error, it outputs
usage on the standard error stream, and exits with code 129.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Note: Make sure you quote the result when passing it to <code>eval</code>.  See
below for an example.</p></div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_input_format">Input Format</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p><em>git rev-parse --parseopt</em> input format is fully text based. It has two parts,
separated by a line that contains only <code>--</code>. The lines before the separator
(should be one or more) are used for the usage.
The lines after the separator describe the options.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Each line of options has this format:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>&lt;opt-spec&gt;&lt;flags&gt;*&lt;arg-hint&gt;? SP+ help LF</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="dlist"><dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<code>&lt;opt-spec&gt;</code>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        its format is the short option character, then the long option name
        separated by a comma. Both parts are not required, though at least one
        is necessary. May not contain any of the <code>&lt;flags&gt;</code> characters.
        <code>h,help</code>, <code>dry-run</code> and <code>f</code> are examples of correct <code>&lt;opt-spec&gt;</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<code>&lt;flags&gt;</code>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        <code>&lt;flags&gt;</code> are of <code>*</code>, <code>=</code>, <code>?</code> or <code>!</code>.
</p>
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
Use <code>=</code> if the option takes an argument.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Use <code>?</code> to mean that the option takes an optional argument. You
          probably want to use the <code>--stuck-long</code> mode to be able to
          unambiguously parse the optional argument.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Use <code>*</code> to mean that this option should not be listed in the usage
          generated for the <code>-h</code> argument. It&#8217;s shown for <code>--help-all</code> as
          documented in <a href="gitcli.html">gitcli(7)</a>.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Use <code>!</code> to not make the corresponding negated long option available.
</p>
</li>
</ul></div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">
<code>&lt;arg-hint&gt;</code>
</dt>
<dd>
<p>
        <code>&lt;arg-hint&gt;</code>, if specified, is used as a name of the argument in the
        help output, for options that take arguments. <code>&lt;arg-hint&gt;</code> is
        terminated by the first whitespace.  It is customary to use a
        dash to separate words in a multi-word argument hint.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>The remainder of the line, after stripping the spaces, is used
as the help associated to the option.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>Blank lines are ignored, and lines that don&#8217;t match this specification are used
as option group headers (start the line with a space to create such
lines on purpose).</p></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_example">Example</h3>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>OPTS_SPEC="\
some-command [&lt;options&gt;] &lt;args&gt;...

some-command does foo and bar!
--
h,help    show the help

foo       some nifty option --foo
bar=      some cool option --bar with an argument
baz=arg   another cool option --baz with a named argument
qux?path  qux may take a path argument but has meaning by itself

An option group Header
C?        option C with an optional argument"

eval "$(echo "$OPTS_SPEC" | git rev-parse --parseopt -- "$@" || echo exit $?)"</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_usage_text">Usage text</h3>
<div class="paragraph"><p>When <code>"$@"</code> is <code>-h</code> or <code>--help</code> in the above example, the following
usage text would be shown:</p></div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>usage: some-command [&lt;options&gt;] &lt;args&gt;...

some-command does foo and bar!

-h, --help            show the help
    --foo                 some nifty option --foo
    --bar ...             some cool option --bar with an argument
    --baz &lt;arg&gt;           another cool option --baz with a named argument
    --qux[=&lt;path&gt;]        qux may take a path argument but has meaning by itself

An option group Header
    -C[...]               option C with an optional argument</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_sq_quote">SQ-QUOTE</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>In <code>--sq-quote</code> mode, <em>git rev-parse</em> echoes on the standard output a
single line suitable for <code>sh(1)</code> <code>eval</code>. This line is made by
normalizing the arguments following <code>--sq-quote</code>. Nothing other than
quoting the arguments is done.</p></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>If you want command input to still be interpreted as usual by
<em>git rev-parse</em> before the output is shell quoted, see the <code>--sq</code>
option.</p></div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_example_2">Example</h3>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ cat &gt;your-git-script.sh &lt;&lt;\EOF
#!/bin/sh
args=$(git rev-parse --sq-quote "$@")   # quote user-supplied arguments
command="git frotz -n24 $args"          # and use it inside a handcrafted
                                        # command line
eval "$command"
EOF

$ sh your-git-script.sh "a b'c"</code></pre>
</div></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_examples">EXAMPLES</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="ulist"><ul>
<li>
<p>
Print the object name of the current commit:
</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ git rev-parse --verify HEAD</code></pre>
</div></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Print the commit object name from the revision in the $REV shell variable:
</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ git rev-parse --verify $REV^{commit}</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>This will error out if $REV is empty or not a valid revision.</p></div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Similar to above:
</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre><code>$ git rev-parse --default master --verify $REV</code></pre>
</div></div>
<div class="paragraph"><p>but if $REV is empty, the commit object name from master will be printed.</p></div>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph"><p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnotes"><hr /></div>
<div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
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